Mixture of HMOs for treating wheat sensitivity

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) for use in, a synthetic composition comprising an HMO for use in, and a method for the treatment of, secondary prevention of, and/or induction of tolerance to non-coeliac wheat and/or gluten sensitivity in a human.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a national stage entry pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 371of International Patent Application No. PCT/IB2018/059497, filed on Nov.30, 2018, which claims priority to Denmark Application No. PA 201700680, filed on Nov. 30, 2017, the contents of all of which are fullyincorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a method, compounds and composition for theprevention and/or treatment of non-coeliac wheat sensitivity.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Non-coeliac wheat sensitivity, which is also known as non-coeliac glutensensitivity, is a gluten-related disorder along with coeliac disease andwheat allergy (Leccioli et al. Nutrients 9, 1203 (2017)). Non-coeliacwheat sensitivity is a non-allergic and non-autoimmune condition inwhich the consumption of wheat and/or gluten can lead to symptomssimilar to those seen in other gluten-related disorders. The conditionis viewed as a wheat and/or gluten sensitivity because symptoms arerelieved by wheat and/or gluten withdrawal and re-appear uponreintroduction of wheat and/or gluten. However, patients having thecondition do not exhibit the characteristic autoimmune or allergymarkers associated with coeliac disease or gluten allergy. Despite this,the clinical symptoms are similar to those of coeliac disease and glutenallergy. The most frequent gastrointestinal symptoms include bloating,abdominal pain, epigastric pain, diarrhoea, and constipation.Non-gastrointestinal symptoms include tiredness, headache, anxiety,“foggy mind” or difficulty focusing, depression and skin rash. Thesesymptoms can occur within hours to days following exposure to wheatand/or gluten and can then dissipate upon withdrawal of the wheat and/orgluten.

The aetiology of non-coeliac wheat sensitivity is unknown. The conditionpotentially involves many triggers as are seen in coeliac disease andgluten allergy. The initiating trigger mainly involves exposure of gutepithelium to wheat and/or gluten leading to immune-mediated and/ornon-immune mediated responses. Due to the lack of evidence for T-cellinvolvement and the apparent involvement of toll-like receptors (TLR),the condition may be more of an innate immune response rather thanadaptive immune response.

Since specific triggers have not been identified, the condition couldinvolve different mechanisms from coeliac disease and gluten allergy.Gluten, the trigger in coeliac disease, may be a significant trigger inthe condition but there are increasing doubts whether it is the maintrigger or a trigger at all. Several other food-derived stimuli may alsobe important triggers. These include alpha amylase/trypsin inhibitors(ATIs), fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAPS)and other short chain fructans. ATIs, in particular, have beenimplicated in the pathology. The role of ATIs in mounting animmunological response has been shown in animal and human researchmodels and is believed to be an important oral antigen both in coeliacdisease and in non-coeliac wheat sensitivity. ATIs trigger predominantlyinnate immune responses involving macrophages, neutrophils andintestinal dendritic cells via activation of the TLR complexes.Contrary, gliadin does not appear to be a major trigger because typicalgliadin-induced enteric responses are not characteristically seen, andin addition, gliadin primarily activates adaptive immunity markers (e.g.IL-6, IL-21 and INF-γ), which has not been found in patients havingnon-coeliac wheat sensitivity.

Patients having non-coeliac wheat sensitivity show increased levels ofTLR2 expression, increased number of α and β intraepitheliallymphocytes, and reduced number of T-regulatory cells. Also, thesepatients have increased levels of lipopolysaccharide binding protein(LBP) and soluble CD14 proteins. In addition, these patients haveelevated circulating levels of fatty acid-binding protein 2 (FABP2), amarker of intestinal epithelial cell damage (Uhde et al. Gut 65, 1930(2016)). It is now accepted that patients having non-coeliac wheatsensitivity show increased intestinal permeability which allows antigensto cross into the lamina propria.

Changes in the gut microbiota may also play a role in non-coeliac wheatsensitivity. The immune markers seen in the patients are predominantlyinnate immune response markers and this provides evidence of themicrobiota having a role. However, the evidence for the role of themicrobiota is not yet clear. From a compositional perspective, itappears that patients may have lower abundance of butyrate-producingbacteria and bifidobacteria.

Additionally, there is some evidence for the condition developing inindividuals with some genetic predispositions. The geneticpredisposition is higher than general population but lower than patientswith coeliac disease, who have a strong genetic component. However, thisassociation with genes is currently not clear.

Diagnosis of the condition is complex and many patients are unwilling togo through the process. The 1st step in a diagnosis is the exclusion ofcoeliac disease and wheat and/or gluten allergy. This is done by placingthe patient on a gluten containing diet for a 6-week period. Severaltests are performed during this period to exclude wheat allergy, namelywheat specific IgE and skin prick test, and coeliac disease, namelyIgA-tTG, IgG-DGP and IgA-EMA. If necessary, a duodenal biopsy can betaken for confirmation. The 2nd step consists of starting the patient ona gluten-free diet for a 6-week period and monitoring for symptomresponse. This symptom response is evaluated using the gastrointestinalsymptom rating scale (GSRS) and a numerical rating scale (NRS). If thepatient fails to show an improvement in symptoms in 6 weeks uponcommencement of the diet, diagnosis of the condition is ruled out andother diagnoses such as IBS and other functional bowel disorders need tobe explored. The 3rd step involves the re-introduction of the glutencontaining diet. In this step, the patient is randomly assigned into oneof two protocols. The patient is exposed to either gluten-freediet+placebo or a gluten-free diet+gluten for a week. The patient isthen put on a 1-week washout period of a strict gluten-free diet,followed by a crossover for 1 week. A 30% symptomatic improvement onintroduction of the diet free from gluten or a 30% symptomaticappearance on introduction of the gluten containing diet indicates apositive result. Below this 30% value, a negative result is considered.

The difficulty in diagnosis means that the prevalence of the conditionis not clear. However, the condition is becoming a more commondiagnosis. As a result, the prevalence of the condition has beenreported to vary enormously from 0.6-6% in Western populations. Thislack of ability to diagnose results in patients starting a gluten-freediet after self-diagnosis without any formal clinical testing ormanagement recommendation by their physician. Due to this, theconsumption of gluten free food has become increasingly popular in theWestern world. A Gallup poll conducted in July 2015 showed that 20% ofAmericans opt for a gluten free diet while 17% say they avoid glutenfree foods.

Currently, there is no cure for the condition and the only acceptedtreatment is to place the patient on a gluten-free diet and this oftenhelps resolve the intestinal and extra intestinal symptoms. However, therecommendation is then to continue with the gluten-free diet for life.The nutritional consequences of this are unclear because grains whichcontain gluten also contain many essential nutrients; especially fibres.Also, removing gluten-containing foods can have a significant impact onthe patient's quality of life. It would be better to be able to providethe patient with an intervention which at least sufficiently reducessymptoms or prevents reoccurrence of the condition even if wheat and/orgluten is consumed.

Therefore, there remains a need for methods and compounds for themanagement of non-coeliac wheat and/or gluten sensitivity in humanswhich would allow consumption of wheat and/or gluten.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A first aspect of the invention relates to a human milk oligosaccharide(HMO) for use in:

-   -   the treatment of non-coeliac wheat and/or gluten sensitivity in        a human,    -   inducing wheat and/or gluten tolerance in a patient suffering        from non-coeliac wheat and/or gluten sensitivity, and/or    -   the secondary prevention of non-coeliac wheat and/or gluten        sensitivity in a human.

A second aspect of the invention relates to a synthetic composition foruse in:

-   -   the treatment of non-coeliac wheat and/or gluten sensitivity in        a human,    -   inducing wheat and/or gluten tolerance in a patient suffering        from non-coeliac wheat and/or gluten sensitivity, and/or    -   the secondary prevention of non-coeliac wheat and/or gluten        sensitivity in a human, the composition comprising at least one        human milk oligosaccharide (HMO).

Preferably the synthetic composition contains an amount of 1 g to 15 gof the HMO; more preferably 2 g to 10 g. For example, the syntheticcomposition may contain 3 g to 7 g of the HMO.

The synthetic composition may contain a bifidobacteria, for exampleBifidobacterium longum and/or Bifidobacterium bifidum.

A third aspect of the invention relates to a method for treatment ofnon-coeliac wheat and/or gluten sensitivity in a human, the methodcomprising administering to the human an effective amount of at leastone human milk oligosaccharide (HMO).

A fourth aspect of the invention relates to a method for the secondaryprevention of non-coeliac wheat and/or gluten sensitivity in a human,the method comprising administering to the human an effective amount ofat least one human milk oligosaccharide (HMO).

A fifth aspect of the invention relates to a method for inducing wheatand/or gluten tolerance in a patient suffering from non-coeliac wheatand/or gluten sensitivity, the method comprising administering to thepatient an effective amount of at least one human milk oligosaccharide(HMO).

Preferably, the patient is administered the HMO while consuming glutencontaining cereals.

The amount of the HMO administered is preferably effective to increasethe abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria and/or bifidobacteria inthe intestine of the human. Further, the amount of the HMO administeredis preferably effective to improve the intestinal barrier properties ofthe human, particularly in the colon.

Preferably, the human is administered an amount of 1 g to 15 g per dayof the HMO, more preferably 2 g to 10 g per day. For example, the humanmay be administered 3 g to 7 g per day. Preferably, the human isadministered the HMO for a period of at least 7 consecutive days (1week), more preferably for at least 14 consecutive days (2 weeks).

The patient may be administered higher doses during treatment ofnon-coeliac wheat and/or gluten sensitivity and lower doses to inducewheat and/or gluten tolerance or as secondary prevention. Preferably thehuman is administered the HMO for a period of at least 1 week, morepreferably for at least 2 weeks during treatment. The human may beadministered the HMO for a period of at least 4 weeks, more preferablyfor at least 8 weeks to induce wheat and/or gluten tolerance or assecondary prevention. The dose administered during a treatment phase ispreferably about 3 g to about 15 g per day (for example about 4 g toabout 7.5 g per day) and the dose administered during the wheat and/orgluten tolerance inducing or the secondary prevention phase ispreferably about 2 g to about 7.5 g per day (for example about 2 g toabout 5 g per day). In one embodiment, the method of invention comprisesa first phase to treat the non-coeliac wheat and/or gluten sensitivitywhich is followed by a second phase for inducing the wheat and/or glutentolerance or the secondary prevention. Preferably, in the first phase,the human is administered the HMO for a period of at least 7 consecutivedays (1 week), more preferably for at least 14 consecutive days (2weeks) until the non-coeliac wheat and/or gluten sensitivity ameliorates(typically 2-3 months) followed by the second phase to induce wheatand/or gluten tolerance or as secondary prevention in which human isadministered the HMO for a period of at least 4 (consecutive) weeks,more preferably for at least 8 weeks.

A sixth aspect of this invention relates to a pack for use in:

-   -   the treatment of non-coeliac wheat and/or gluten sensitivity in        a human,    -   inducing wheat and/or gluten tolerance in a patient suffering        from non-coeliac wheat and/or gluten sensitivity, and/or    -   the secondary prevention of non-coeliac wheat and/or gluten        sensitivity in a human, the pack comprising at least 14        individual daily doses of an effective amount of at least one        human milk oligosaccharide (HMO).

Preferably, each dose contains about 1 g to about 15 g of the human milkoligosaccharide, more preferably about 2 g to about 10 g; for example,about 3 g to about 7 g. Preferably, the pack comprises at least 21individual daily doses; more preferably at least 28 daily doses; forexample, at least 35 daily doses. The pack can include instructions foruse.

A seventh aspect of the invention is a use of

-   -   one or more human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs),    -   a synthetic composition comprising one or more human milk        oligosaccharides (HMOs), or    -   a pack comprising at least 14 individual daily doses of an        effective amount of one or more human milk oligosaccharides        in the dietary management of a patient suffering from        non-coeliac wheat and/or gluten sensitivity.

In certain embodiments of any of the aspects above, the HMO can be aneutral HMO or an acidic HMO. The neutral HMO can be one or morefucosylated HMOs or one or more non-fucosylated HMOs. Preferably the HMOis selected from 2′-FL, 3-FL, DFL, LNT, LNnT, 3′-SL, 6′-SL, LNFP-I or amixture thereof. Preferably the HMO comprises, consists of oressentially consists of 2′-FL and at least one of LNnT and LNT; at leastone of 2′-FL and DFL and at least one of LNnT and LNT (e.g. 2′-FL, DFLand at least one of LNnT and LNT); 2′-FL and 6′-SL; DFL and 6′-SL;2′-FL, DFL and 6′-SL; 2′-FL, 6′-SL and at least one of LNnT and LNT; and2′-FL, DFL, 6′-SL and at least one of LNnT and/or LNT.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

It has now been surprisingly found that oral or enteral administrationof one or more human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) to patients sufferingfrom non-coeliac wheat and/or gluten sensitivity reduces symptoms of thecondition. Furthermore, the HMOs surprisingly induce tolerance to wheatand/or gluten patients suffering from non-coeliac wheat and/or glutensensitivity; allowing patients to consume wheat and/or gluten withreduced or no symptoms. Therefore, human milk oligosaccharides may beused as a dietary secondary prevention of non-coeliac wheat and/orgluten sensitivity. The HMOs also preferentially increase the abundanceof bifidobacteria in the gastro-intestinal tract, in particularbifidobacteria of the B. adolescentis phylogenetic group,Bifidobacterium longum and/or Bifidobacterium bifidum. These bacteriaproduce lactate and acetate which in turn can be converted into butyrateby butyrate-producing bacteria.

Human milk oligosaccharides are a heterogeneous mixture of solubleglycans found in human milk. They are the third most abundant solidcomponent after lactose and lipids in human milk and are present inconcentrations of 5-25 g/l (Bode: Human milk oligosaccharides and theirbeneficial effects, in: Handbook of dietary and nutritional aspects ofhuman breast milk (Zibadi et al., eds.), pp. 515-31, Wageningen AcademicPublishers (2013)). HMOs are resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis in thesmall intestine and are thus largely undigested and unabsorbed and reachthe colon intact. Most of the HMOs that reach the colon serve assubstrates to shape the gut ecosystem by selectively stimulating thegrowth of specific bacteria. HMOs are believed to substantially modulatethe infant gut microbiota and play a decisive role in the differences inthe microbiota of formula-fed and breast-fed infants. These differencesinclude the predominance of Bifidobacterium in the gut of breast-fedinfants compared to a more diverse gut microbiota in formula-fedinfants. This is viewed as beneficial for the infant because strains ofBifidobacterium species are believed to have a positive effect on guthealth.

The HMOs also preferentially increase the abundance of bifidobacteria inthe gastro-intestinal tract, in particular bifidobacteria of the B.adolescentis phylogenetic group, Bifidobacterium longum and/orBifidobacterium bifidum.

In this specification, the following terms have the following meanings:

“Non-coeliac wheat sensitivity” means is a syndrome characterised byintestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms related to the ingestion ofgluten-containing food, in subjects that are not affected by eithercoeliac disease or wheat allergy. “Non-coeliac gluten sensitivity” hasthe same meaning and the two terms are used interchangeably. Thegluten-containing food usually contains a gluten-containing cereal suchas wheat, barley and rye.

“Non-infant human” or “non-infant” means a human of 3 years of age andolder. A non-infant human can be a child, a teenager, an adult or anelderly person.

“Human milk oligosaccharide” or “HMO” means a complex carbohydrate foundin human breast milk (Urashima et al.: Milk Oligosaccharides. NovaScience Publisher (2011); Chen Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem. 72, 113(2015)). The HMOs have a core structure comprising a lactose unit at thereducing end that can be elongated by one or moreβ-N-acetyl-lactosaminyl and/or one or β-more lacto-N-biosyl units, andwhich core structure can be substituted by an α L-fucopyranosyl and/oran α-N-acetyl-neuraminyl (sialyl) moiety. In this regard, the non-acidic(or neutral) HMOs are devoid of a sialyl residue, and the acidic HMOshave at least one sialyl residue in their structure. The non-acidic (orneutral) HMOs can be fucosylated or non-fucosylated. Examples of suchneutral non-fucosylated HMOs include lacto-N-tetraose (LNT),lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), lacto-N-neohexaose (LNnH),para-lacto-N-neohexaose (pLNnH), para-lacto-N-hexaose (pLNH) andlacto-N-hexaose (LNH). Examples of neutral fucosylated HMOs include2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL), lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I),lacto-N-difucohexaose I (LNDFH-I), 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL),difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-fucopentaose II (LNFP-II),lacto-N-fucopentaose III (LNFP-III), lacto-N-difucohexaose III(LNDFH-III), fucosyl-lacto-N-hexaose II (FLNH-II), lacto-N-fucopentaoseV (LNFP-V), lacto-N-fucopentaose VI (LNFP-VI), lacto-N-difucohexaose 11(LNDFH-II), fucosyl-lacto-N-hexaose I (FLNH-I),fucosyl-para-lacto-N-hexaose I (FpLNH-I),fucosyl-para-lacto-N-neohexaose II (FpLNnH 11) andfucosyl-lacto-N-neohexaose (FLNnH). Examples of acidic HMOs include3′-sialyllactose (3′-SL), 6′-sialyllactose (6′-SL),3-fucosyl-3′-sialyllactose (FSL), LST a, fucosyl-LST a (FLST a), LST b,fucosyl-LST b (FLST b), LST c, fucosyl-LST c (FLST c), sialyl-LNH(SLNH), sialyl-lacto-N-hexaose (SLNH), sialyl-lacto-N-neohexaose I(SLNH-1), sialyl-lacto-N-neohexaose II (SLNH-II) anddisialyl-lacto-N-tetraose (DSLNT).

“Synthetic composition” means a composition which is artificiallyprepared and preferably means a composition containing at least onecompound that is produced ex vivo chemically and/or biologically, e.g.by means of chemical reaction, enzymatic reaction or recombinantly. Insome embodiments, a synthetic composition of the invention may be, butpreferably is not, identical with a naturally occurring composition. Thesynthetic composition typically comprises one or more compounds,including one or more HMOs, that are capable of reducing symptoms ofwheat and/or gluten sensitivity in a human or inducing tolerance. Also,in some embodiments, the synthetic compositions may comprise one or morenutritionally or pharmaceutically active components which do not affectadversely the efficacy of the above-mentioned compounds. Somenon-limiting embodiments of a synthetic composition of the invention arealso described below.

“Microbiota”, “microflora” and “microbiome” mean a community of livingmicroorganisms that typically inhabits a bodily organ or part,particularly the gastro-intestinal organs of humans. The most dominantmembers of the gastrointestinal microbiota include microorganisms of thephyla of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria,Synergistetes, Verrucomicrobia, Fusobacteria, and Euryarchaeota; atgenus level Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, Bifidobacterium, Roseburia,Alistipes, Collinsella, Blautia, Coprococcus, Ruminococcus, Eubacteriumand Dorea; at species level Bacteroides uniformis, Alistipes putredinis,Parabacteroides merdae, Ruminococcus bromii, Dorea longicatena,Bacteroides caccae, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Eubacterium hallii,Ruminococcus torques, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Ruminococcuslactaris, Collinsella aerofaciens, Dorea formicigenerans, Bacteroidesvulgatus and Roseburia intestinalis. The gastrointestinal microbiotaincludes the mucosa-associated microbiota, which is located in orattached to the mucous layer covering the epithelium of thegastrointestinal tract, and luminal-associated microbiota, which isfound in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract.

“Enteral administration” means any conventional form for delivery of acomposition to a non-infant that causes the deposition of thecomposition in the gastrointestinal tract (including the stomach).Methods of enteral administration include feeding through a naso-gastrictube or jejunum tube, oral, sublingual and rectal.

“Oral administration” means any conventional form for the delivery of acomposition to a human through the mouth. Accordingly, oraladministration is a form of enteral administration.

“Effective amount” means an amount of a composition that provides an HMOin a sufficient amount to render a desired treatment outcome in a human.An effective amount can be administered in one or more doses to achievethe desired treatment outcome.

“Relative abundance of a bifidobacteria” means the abundance of abifidobacteria species relative to other bifidobacteria in themicrobiota of the gastro-intestinal tract of humans.

“Relative growth of a bifidobacteria” means the growth of aBifidobacterium species relative to other bifidobacteria in themicrobiota in the gastro-intestinal tract of humans.

“Bifidobacterium of the B. adolescentis phylogenetic group” means abacterium selected from a group consisting of Bifidobacteriumadolescentis, Bifidobacterium angulatum, Bifidobacterium catenulatum,Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum, Bifidobacterium kashiwanohense,Bifidobacterium dentum and Bifidobacterium stercoris (Duranti et al.Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 79, 336 (2013), Bottacini et al. MicrobialCell Fact. 13:S4 (2014)). Preferably, a Bifidobacterium of the B.adolescentis phylogenetic group is Bifidobacterium adolescentis and/orBifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum.

“Treat” means to address a medical condition or disease with theobjective of improving or stabilising an outcome in the person beingtreated or addressing an underlying nutritional need. Treat, therefore,includes the dietary or nutritional management of the medical conditionor disease by addressing nutritional needs of the person being treated.“Treating” and “treatment” have grammatically corresponding meanings.

“Dietary management” means exclusive or partial feeding of patients who,because of a disease, disorder or medical condition are suffering from:

-   -   either have a limited, impaired or disturbed capacity to take,        digest, absorb, metabolise or excrete ordinary food or certain        nutrients contained therein, or metabolites, or    -   have other medically-determined nutrient requirements        (see: Commission Notice on the classification of Food for        Special Medical Purposes of the European Commission, Official        Journal of the European Union C 401, 25.11.2017, p. 10-11).

“Modulating of microbiota” means exerting a modifying or controllinginfluence on microbiota, for example an influence leading to an increasein the indigenous intestinal abundance of Bifidobacterium, Barnesiella,Faecalibacterium and/or other butyrate producing bacteria. In anotherexample, the influence may lead to a reduction of the intestinalabundance of Ruminococcus gnavus and/or Proteobacteria. “Proteobacteria”are a phylum of Gram-negative bacteria and include a wide variety ofpathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia, Salmonella, Vibrio,Helicobacter, Yersinia and many other notable genera.

“Therapy” means treatment given or action taken to reduce or eliminatesymptoms of a disease or pathological condition.

“Preventive treatment” or “prevention” in the present context meanstreatment given or action taken to diminish the risk of onset orrecurrence of a disease.

“Secondary prevention” means prevention of onset of the condition in ahigh-risk patient, or prevention of reoccurrence of symptoms in apatient who has already has the condition. A “high-risk” patient is anindividual who is predisposed to developing the condition; for example aperson with a family history of the condition.

The HMOs can be isolated or enriched by well-known processes frommilk(s) secreted by mammals including, but not limited to human, bovine,ovine, porcine, or caprine species. The HMOs can also be produced bywell-known processes using microbial fermentation, enzymatic processes,chemical synthesis, or combinations of these technologies. As examples,using chemistry LNnT can be made as described in WO 2011/100980 and WO2013/044928, LNT can be synthesized as described in WO 2012/155916 andWO 2013/044928, a mixture of LNT and LNnT can be made as described in WO2013/091660, 2′-FL can be made as described in WO 2010/115934 and WO2010/115935, 3-FL can be made as described in WO 2013/139344, 6′-SL andsalts thereof can be made as described in WO 2010/100979, sialylatedoligosaccharides can be made as described in WO 2012/113404 and mixturesof human milk oligosaccharides can be made as described in WO2012/113405. As examples of enzymatic production, sialylatedoligosaccharides can be made as described in WO 2012/007588, fucosylatedoligosaccharides can be made as described in WO 2012/127410, andadvantageously diversified blends of human milk oligosaccharides can bemade as described in WO 2012/156897 and WO 2012/156898. Biotechnologicalmethods which describe how to make core (non-fucosylated neutral) humanmilk oligosaccharides optionally substituted by fucose or sialic acidusing genetically modified E. coli can be found in WO 01/04341 and WO2007/101862.

The HMO, in any of the above aspects, may be a single HMO or a mixtureof any HMOs suitable for the purpose of the invention. The HMO can be aneutral HMO or an acidic HMO. The neutral HMO is, in one embodiment, oneor more fucosylated HMOs; in another embodiment, the neutral HMO is oneor more non-fucosylated HMOs. Particularly, the fucosylated neutral HMOis selected from the list consisting of 2′-FL, 3-FL, DFL, LNFP-I,LNFP-II, LNFP-III, LNFP-V, LNFP-VI, LNDFH-I, LNDFH-II, LNDFH-III,FLNH-I, FLNH-II, FLNnH, FpLNH-I and F-pLNnH II, preferably, 2′-FL, andthe non-fucosylated neutral HMO is selected from the list consisting ofLNT, LNnT, LNH, LNnH, pLNH and pLNnH, e.g. LNnT. The one or morefucosylated HMOs can be e.g. a mixture containing, consisting orconsisting essentially of 2′-FL and DFL.

In one embodiment, the mixture comprises, consists of or essentiallyconsists of, neutral HMOs, preferably at least a first neutral HMO andat least a second neutral HMO, wherein the first neutral HMO is afucosylated neutral HMO and the second neutral HMO is a non-fucosylatedneutral HMO. The fucosylated neutral HMO(s) and the non-fucosylatedneutral HMO(s) may be present in a mass ratio of about 4:1 to 1:1.Particularly, the mixture of HMOs comprises, consists of or essentiallyconsists of a fucosylated HMO selected from the list consisting of2′-FL, 3-FL, DFL, LNFP-I, LNFP-II, LNFP-III, LNFP-V, LNDFH-I, LNDFH-II,LNDFH-III, FLNH-I, FLNH-II, FLNnH, FpLNH-I and F-pLNnH II, and anon-fucosylated neutral HMO selected from the list consisting of LNT,LNnT, LNH, LNnH, pLNH and pLNnH. More preferably, the mixture of neutralHMOs contains, consists of or essentially consists of, a fucosylated HMOselected from the list consisting of 2′-FL, 3-FL and DFL, and anon-fucosylated neutral HMO selected from the list consisting of LNT andLNnT; advantageously the mixture comprises, consists of or essentiallyconsists of, 2′-FL and at least one of LNnT and LNT; or at least one of2′-FL and DFL and at least one of LNnT and LNT; or 2′-FL, DFL and atleast one of LNnT and LNT.

In other embodiment, the mixture comprises, consists of or essentiallyconsists of, at least a first (acidic) HMO and at least a second(neutral) HMO, wherein the first (acidic) HMO is selected from the listconsisting of 3′-SL, 6′-SL and FSL and the second (neutral) HMO isselected from the list consisting of 2′-FL, 3-FL, DFL, LNT and LNnT;advantageously the mixture comprises, consists of or essentiallyconsists of, 2′-FL and 6′-SL; or 6′-SL and at least one of 2′-FL andDFL; or 2′-FL, 6′-SL and at least one of LNnT and LNT; or 2′-FL, DFL,6′-SL and at least one of LNnT and/or LNT.

Furthermore, in one embodiment, the synthetic composition can be in theform of a nutritional composition. For example, the nutritionalcomposition can be a food composition, a rehydration solution, a medicalfood or food for special medical purposes, a nutritional supplement andthe like. The nutritional composition can contain sources of protein,lipids and/or digestible carbohydrates and can be in powdered or liquidforms. The composition can be designed to be the sole source ofnutrition or as a nutritional supplement.

Suitable protein sources include milk proteins, soy protein, riceprotein, pea protein and oat protein, or mixtures thereof. Milk proteinscan be in the form of milk protein concentrates, milk protein isolates,whey protein or casein, or mixtures of both. The protein can be wholeprotein or hydrolysed protein, either partially hydrolysed orextensively hydrolysed. Hydrolysed protein offers the advantage ofeasier digestion which can be important for humans with inflamed orcompromised GI tracts. The protein can also be provided in the form offree amino acids. The protein can comprise about 5% to about 30% of theenergy of the nutritional composition, normally about 10% to 20%.

The protein source can be a source of glutamine, threonine, cysteine,serine, proline, or a combination of these amino acids. The glutaminesource can be a glutamine dipeptide and/or a glutamine enriched protein.Glutamine can be included due to the use of glutamine by enterocytes asan energy source. Threonine, serine and proline are important aminoacids for the production of mucin. Mucin coats the GI tract and canimprove intestinal barrier function and mucosal healing. Cysteine is amajor precursor of glutathione, which is key for the antioxidantdefences of the body.

Suitable digestible carbohydrates include maltodextrin, hydrolysed ormodified starch or corn starch, glucose polymers, corn syrup, corn syrupsolids, high fructose corn syrup, rice-derived carbohydrates,pea-derived carbohydrates, potato-derived carbohydrates, tapioca,sucrose, glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, honey, sugar alcohols(e.g. maltitol, erythritol, sorbitol), or mixtures thereof. Preferablythe composition is reduced in or free from added lactose or other FODMAPcarbohydrates. Generally digestible carbohydrates provide about 35% toabout 55% of the energy of the nutritional composition. A particularlysuitable digestible carbohydrate is a low dextrose equivalent (DE)maltodextrin.

Suitable lipids include medium chain triglycerides (MCT) and long chaintriglycerides (LCT). Preferably the lipid is a mixture of MCTs and LCTs.For example, MCTs can comprise about 30% to about 70% by weight of thelipids, more specifically about 50% to about 60% by weight. MCTs offerthe advantage of easier digestion which can be important for humans withinflamed or compromised GI tracts. Generally, the lipids provide about35% to about 50% of the energy of the nutritional composition. Thelipids can contain essential fatty acids (omega-3 and omega-6 fattyacids). Preferably these polyunsaturated fatty acids provide less thanabout 30% of total energy of the lipid source.

Suitable sources of long chain triglycerides are rapeseed oil, sunflowerseed oil, palm oil, soy oil, milk fat, corn oil, high oleic oils, andsoy lecithin. Fractionated coconut oils are a suitable source of mediumchain triglycerides. The lipid profile of the nutritional composition ispreferably designed to have a polyunsaturated fatty acid omega-6 (n-6)to omega-3 (n-3) ratio of about 4:1 to about 10:1. For example, the n-6to n-3 fatty acid ratio can be about 6:1 to about 9:1.

The nutritional composition may also include vitamins and minerals. Ifthe nutritional composition is intended to be a sole source ofnutrition, it preferably includes a complete vitamin and mineralprofile. Examples of vitamins include vitamins A, B-complex (such as B1,B2, B6 and B12), C, D, E and K, niacin and acid vitamins such aspantothenic acid, folic acid and biotin. Examples of minerals includecalcium, iron, zinc, magnesium, iodine, copper, phosphorus, manganese,potassium, chromium, molybdenum, selenium, nickel, tin, silicon,vanadium and boron.

The nutritional composition can also include a carotenoid such aslutein, lycopene, zeaxanthin, and beta-carotene. The total amount ofcarotenoid included can vary from about 0.001 μg/ml to about 10 μg/ml.Lutein can be included in an amount of from about 0.001 μg/ml to about10 μg/ml, preferably from about 0.044 μg/ml to about 5 μg/ml of lutein.Lycopene can be included in an amount from about 0.001 μg/ml to about 10μg/ml, preferably about 0.0185 μg/ml to about 5 μg/ml of lycopene.Beta-carotene can comprise from about 0.001 μg/ml to about 10 mg/ml, forexample about 0.034 μg/ml to about 5 μg/ml of beta-carotene.

The nutritional composition preferably also contains reducedconcentrations of sodium; for example, from about 300 mg/l to about 400mg/l. The remaining electrolytes can be present in concentrations set tomeet needs without providing an undue renal solute burden on kidneyfunction. For example, potassium is preferably present in a range ofabout 1180 to about 1300 mg/l; and chloride is preferably present in arange of about 680 to about 800 mg/l.

The nutritional composition can also contain various other conventionalingredients such as preservatives, emulsifying agents, thickeningagents, buffers, fibres and prebiotics (e.g. fructooligosaccharides,galactooligosaccharides), probiotics (e.g. B. animalis subsp. lactisBB-12, B. lactis HN019, B. lactis Bi07, B. infantis ATCC 15697, L.rhamnosus GG, L. rhamnosus HNOOI, L. acidophilus LA-5, L. acidophilusNCFM, L. fermentum CECT5716, B. longum BB536, B. longum AH1205, B.longum AH1206, B. breve M-16V, L. reuteri ATCC 55730, L. reuteri ATCCPTA-6485, L. reuteri DSM 17938), antioxidant/anti-inflammatory compoundsincluding tocopherols, carotenoids, ascorbate/vitamin C, ascorbylpalmitate, polyphenols, glutathione, and superoxide dismutase (melon),other bioactive factors (e.g. growth hormones, cytokines, TFG-β),colorants, flavours, and stabilisers, lubricants, and so forth.

The nutritional composition can be formulated as a soluble powder, aliquid concentrate, or a ready-to-use formulation. The composition canbe fed to a human in need via a nasogastric tube or orally. Variousflavours, fibres and other additives can also be present.

The nutritional compositions can be prepared by any commonly usedmanufacturing techniques for preparing nutritional compositions in solidor liquid form. For example, the composition can be prepared bycombining various feed solutions. A protein-in-fat feed solution can beprepared by heating and mixing the lipid source and then adding anemulsifier (e.g. lecithin), fat soluble vitamins, and at least a portionof the protein source while heating and stirring. A carbohydrate feedsolution is then prepared by adding minerals, trace and ultra-traceminerals, thickening or suspending agents to water while heating andstirring. The resulting solution is held for 10 minutes with continuedheat and agitation before adding carbohydrates (e.g. the HMOs anddigestible carbohydrate sources). The resulting feed solutions are thenblended together while heating and agitating and the pH adjusted to6.6-7.0, after which the composition is subjected to high-temperatureshort-time processing during which the composition is heat treated,emulsified and homogenized, and then allowed to cool. Water solublevitamins and ascorbic acid are added, the pH is adjusted to the desiredrange if necessary, flavours are added, and water is added to achievethe desired total solid level.

For a liquid product, the resulting solution can then be asepticallypacked to form an aseptically packaged nutritional composition. In thisform, the nutritional composition can be in ready-to-feed orconcentrated liquid form. Alternatively, the composition can bespray-dried and processed and packaged as a reconstitutable powder.

When the nutritional product is a ready-to-feed nutritional liquid, itmay be preferred that the total concentration of HMOs in the liquid, byweight of the liquid, is from about 0.1% to about 1.5%, including fromabout 0.2% to about 1.0%, for example from about 0.3% to about 0.7%.When the nutritional product is a concentrated nutritional liquid, itmay be preferred that the total concentration of HMOs in the liquid, byweight of the liquid, is from about 0.2% to about 3.0%, including fromabout 0.4% to about 2.0%, for example from about 0.6% to about 1.5%.

In another embodiment, the nutritional composition is in a unit dosageform. The unit dosage form can contain an acceptable food-grade carrier,e.g. phosphate buffered saline solution, mixtures of ethanol in water,water and emulsions such as an oil/water or water/oil emulsion, as wellas various wetting agents or excipients. The unit dosage form can alsocontain other materials that do not produce an adverse, allergic orotherwise unwanted reaction when administered to a human. The carriersand other materials can include solvents, dispersants, coatings,absorption promoting agents, controlled release agents, and one or moreinert excipients, such as starches, polyols, granulating agents,microcrystalline cellulose, diluents, lubricants, binders, anddisintegrating agents.

A unit dosage form of this invention can be administered orally, e.g. asa tablet, capsule, or pellet containing a predetermined amount of themixture, or as a powder or granules containing a predeterminedconcentration of the mixture or a gel, paste, solution, suspension,emulsion, syrup, bolus, electuary, or slurry, in an aqueous ornon-aqueous liquid, containing a predetermined concentration of themixture. An orally administered composition can include one or morebinders, lubricants, inert diluents, flavouring agents, and humectants.An orally administered composition such as a tablet can optionally becoated and can be formulated to provide sustained, delayed or controlledrelease of the HMO.

A unit dosage form of this invention can also be administered bynaso-gastric tube or direct infusion into the GI tract or stomach.

A unit dosage form of this invention can also include therapeutic agentssuch as antibiotics, probiotics, analgesics, and anti-inflammatoryagents. The proper dosage of such a composition for a human can bedetermined in a conventional manner, based upon factors such as thehuman's condition, immune status, body weight and age. In some cases,the dosage will be at a concentration similar to that found for the HMOsof the composition in human breast milk. The required amount wouldgenerally be in the range from about 1 g to about 15 g per day, incertain embodiments from about 2 g to about 10 g per day, for exampleabout 3 g to about 7 g per day. Appropriate dose regimes can bedetermined by methods known to those skilled in the art.

In further embodiment, the HMO can be formulated as a pharmaceuticalcomposition. The pharmaceutical composition can contain apharmaceutically acceptable carrier, e.g. phosphate buffered salinesolution, mixtures of ethanol in water, water and emulsions such as anoil/water or water/oil emulsion, as well as various wetting agents orexcipients. The pharmaceutical composition can also contain othermaterials that do not produce an adverse, allergic or otherwise unwantedreaction when administered to non-infants. The carriers and othermaterials can include solvents, dispersants, coatings, absorptionpromoting agents, controlled release agents, and one or more inertexcipients, such as starches, polyols, granulating agents,microcrystalline cellulose, diluents, lubricants, binders, anddisintegrating agents.

The pharmaceutical compositions can be administered orally, e.g. as atablet, capsule, or pellet containing a predetermined amount, or as apowder or granules containing a predetermined concentration or a gel,paste, solution, suspension, emulsion, syrup, bolus, electuary, orslurry, in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid, containing a predeterminedconcentration. Orally administered compositions can include binders,lubricants, inert diluents, flavouring agents, and humectants. Orallyadministered compositions such as tablets can optionally be coated andcan be formulated to provide sustained, delayed or controlled release ofthe mixture therein.

The pharmaceutical compositions can also be administered by rectalsuppository, aerosol tube, naso-gastric tube or direct infusion into theGI tract or stomach.

The pharmaceutical compositions can also include therapeutic agents suchas antibiotics, probiotics, analgesics, and anti-inflammatory agents.The proper dosage of these compositions for a human can be determined ina conventional manner, based upon factors such condition, immune status,body weight and age. In some cases, the dosage will be at aconcentration similar to that found for the HMOs in human breast milk.The required amount would generally be in the range from about 1 g toabout 15 g per day, in certain embodiments from about 2 g to about 10 gper day, for example from about 3 g to about 7 g per day. Appropriatedose regimes can be determined by conventional methods.

For the treatment of non-coeliac wheat and/or gluten sensitivity inhuman, the amount of HMO(s) required to be administered will varydepending upon factors such as the risk and severity of the fatigue, anyunderlying medical condition or disease, age, the form of thecomposition, and other medications being administered. Further theamount may vary depending upon whether the HMOs are being used to reduceactive symptoms (when the dose may be higher) or whether the HMOs arebeing used to induce tolerance and/or as a secondary prevention (whenthe dose may be lower). However, the required amount can be readily setby a medical practitioner and would generally be in the range from about1 g to about 15 g per day, in certain embodiments from about 2 g toabout 10 g per day, for example from about 3 g to about 7 g per day. Anappropriate dose can be determined based on several factors, including,for example, body weight and/or condition, the severity of thenon-coeliac wheat and/or gluten sensitivity being treated or prevented,other ailments and/or diseases, the incidence and/or severity of sideeffects and the manner of administration. Appropriate dose ranges may bedetermined by methods known to those skilled in the art. For example,for treating non-coeliac wheat and/or gluten sensitivity in a human, thedosing can be around 3 g to around 15 g per day, preferably 4 g to 10 gper day, whereas for inducing wheat and/or gluten tolerance or insecondary prevention, the dosing can be around 2 g to around 7.5 g perday, preferably 2 g to 5 g per day. In a combined treatment protocol,during an initial treatment phase for treating non-coeliac wheat and/orgluten sensitivity (first phase), the dosing can be higher (for example3 g to 15 g per day, preferably 4 g to 7.5 g per day), which is followedby a phase for inducing wheat and/or gluten tolerance or secondaryprevention (second phase), the dosing can be reduced (for example, 2 gto 7.5 g per day, preferably 2 g to 5 g per day).

EXAMPLES Example 1

A total of 40 male and female patients are recruited to participate inthe study. Each patient is self-diagnosed with wheat and/or glutensensitivity. The participants complete a baseline screening survey wherethey indicate any other medical conditions, and the severity of variousgastrointestinal and quality of life symptoms. For measuring thesymptoms, a 5-point Likert scale is used where a score of 1 means “nosymptoms” and a score of 5 means “severe symptoms”.

Each participant is provided with an amount of HMO sufficient for 3weeks of a daily dose of about 4 g of HMO. The HMO is provided as either2′-FL alone or a 4:1 mix of 2′-FL and LNnT (by weight). The participantsmaintain their normal diet.

After 3 weeks of intake, each participant completes a second surveywhere they indicate the severity of various gastrointestinal and qualityof life symptoms. The same 5-point Likert scale is used to assess thesymptoms.

Each participant is then provided with an additional amount of HMOsufficient for another 3 weeks of a daily dose of about 4 g of HMO. Theprocess is repeated after 6 weeks, 9 weeks and 12 weeks.

Over the course of the 12 weeks, the participants indicate a reductionin gastrointestinal symptoms; especially pain, diarrhoea, bloating andgas. Furthermore, the patients indicate an improvement in fatigue.

Example 2

Non-coeliac wheat sensitivity patients of age between 18-75 years arerecruited from gastroenterological out-patient centre using thenon-coeliac gluten sensitivity consensus criteria. Patients are excludedif they are positive for the coeliac disease-specific IgAanti-endomysial and/or anti-TG2 antibody or if they present histologicalfindings characteristic of coeliac disease. Further, patients areexcluded if they are positive for wheat allergy specific IgE serology orskin prick test. Other exclusion criteria are inflammatory boweldiseases, psychiatric disorders, major abdominal surgery (in particularintestinal resections), diabetes mellitus, systemic autoimmune diseases,previous anaphylactic episodes, any systemic disorders, pregnant orbreast-feeding women, and patients already on pharmacological therapy.

At an initial visit (screening), each patient is given both written andoral information about the study and the patient is asked to sign aninformed consent form. Each patient is evaluated by a full review ofclinical history, and a blood sample for eligibility analysis iscollected. Equipment for faecal sampling is distributed to each patient.Patients are instructed to keep their samples in the freezer until thenext visit. Each patient is educated on a gluten-free diet. The diet isillustrated by dedicated medical personnel and each patient is providedwith flyers describing the diet, listing allowed and not allowed foodsand advising on the way to read the food labels. The patients are alsogiven direct contact links (by e-mail and telephone) to their enrolmentcentres for any query about their diet.

A total of 80 patients are included. The patients are randomised intotwo groups, each of 40 patients, with one group consuming the treatmentproduct and one group the placebo product for 8 weeks. The treatmentproduct contains 5 grams of a combination of 2′-FL and LNnT while theplacebo product contains 5 grams of glucose. Both products are in powderform in a unit dosage container.

At a second visit (beginning of intervention), eligibility criteria arechecked, and eligible subjects are randomised to the two arms in thetrial. An assessment is made of symptoms of physical and mental health,gastrointestinal symptoms, quality of life, and faecal consistency (asmeasured by SF36, GSRS, BSFS and QoL questionnaires). Trialsupplementation is distributed along with instructions on use of anelectronic compliance diary. The faecal samples are collected andequipment for collecting new samples is distributed. Patients are placedon a strict gluten-free diet for 8 weeks.

Blood samples are collected for biomarker and immune cell studies andbiobanking. The serum from the blood samples is transferred to cryotubesand stored at −80° C. The following biomarkers are measured: TNF-α,IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6, IL-12, IL-10, MIP-1β, hs-CRP, lipopolysaccharidebinding protein, fatty acid binding protein 2, tryptase, antiflagellin,zonulin, histamine, prostaglandin 2 and cortisol. Flow cytometry areperformed on blood to determine the level of immune cells.

The faecal samples are stored at −80° C. until analysis. Microbiologicalanalysis is performed on the faecal samples using the 16S rRNA genesequence.

At a third visit after 8 weeks, the faecal samples are collected, bloodsamples are collected, and an assessment is made of symptoms of physicaland mental health, gastrointestinal symptoms, quality of life, andfaecal consistency (as measured by SF36, GSRS, BSFS and QoLquestionnaires). Trial supplementation and equipment for collecting newsamples is distributed. Each patient is then placed on agluten-containing diet corresponding to a daily dose of 10 g of glutenfor a period of 1 week.

At the end of the intervention (week 9), each patient has a visit withthe medical team. A physical examination is done and symptoms (asmeasured by GSRS, IBS-SSS, BSFS and QoL scales etc.) are reassessed.Trial supplementation products are collected to check compliance. Faecalsamples and blood samples are collected and analysed as before.

The patients receiving the treatment product report a reduction in GSRSscore and an improvement in faecal consistency as compared to theplacebo group. Analysis of the blood indicates that the treatmentpatients have reduced levels of inflammatory markers, reduced gutpermeability indicating an improved mucosal barrier, and an increase inregulatory immune cells. The faecal analysis indicates that thetreatment patients have reduced levels of bacterial overgrowth/dysbiosisand a higher level of bifidobacteria, especially members of theBifidobacterium adolescentis phylogenetic group, Bifidobacterium longumand Bifidobacterium bifidum.

Example 3

2′-FL and LNnT are tested with respect to their ability to induce MUC2,TFF3, EIM1β, CHST5, and GAL3ST2 expression in the human LS174T cellculture model of goblet cells. The human LS174T cell line is obtainedfrom the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). LS174T cells aremaintained in minimum essential medium (MEM) supplemented according toinstructions at 37° C. in air containing 5% of CO₂. 2′-FL and LNnT aredissolved in cell culture grade water to the required concentration. TheLS174T cells are treated with the HMO solution containing 0 or 5 mgHMO/ml.

The LS174T cells are collected and suspended in Trizol reagent and totalRNA is isolated using an RNA analysis kit (Qiagen) according to themanufacturer's instructions and the RNA isolates are quantified usingNanodrop analysis (Thermo Fisher Scientific). RNA isolates are reversetranscribed using a high capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit(Applied Biosystems) to create cDNA, which is then used to assess geneexpression via quantitative RT-PCR.

For the quantitative RT-PCR, specific TaqMAN gene expression assays areobtained from Applied Biosystems, which include expression assays forMUC2, TFF3, CHST5 and GAL3ST2. Quantitative real-time PCR is performedusing TaqMAN PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems). Reactions are run induplicates in a 384-well plate using an Applied Biosystems 7900HT FastReal-Time PCR System. The results are analysed using SDS 2.3 softwareand calculated by delta Ct method. All samples are normalized to Gus-βexpression and fold induction is calculated over untreated controls.Gene expression is expressed as fold increase compared to HMO-freecontrol cells. The experiment is repeated three times.

The results indicate that treatment with 2′-FL and LNnT increases theexpression of the MUC2 and TFF3 genes compared to control cultures.Increased expression of goblet cell genes is specific and not universal,as evidenced by the minimal induction or lack of induction of CHST5 andGAL3ST2, respectively. MUC2 and TFF3 are key components of the mucosalbarrier and improve mucosal barrier function.

Example 4

The HMOs 2′-FL and LNnT are introduced into a rotary blender in a 4:1mass ratio. An amount of 0.25 w % of magnesium stearate is introducedinto the blender and the mixture blended for 10 minutes. The mixture isthen agglomerated in a fluidised bed and filled into 5 gram stick packsand the packs are sealed.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method of treating non-coeliac wheatand/or gluten sensitivity in a human, comprising administering, to ahuman in need thereof, one or more human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs)selected from the group consisting of 2′-FL, LNnT, LNT and DFL; or acombination thereof.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the oneor more HMOs are administered in a synthetic composition.
 3. The methodaccording to claim 2, wherein the synthetic composition comprises anamount of 1 g to 15 g of the at least one HMO.
 4. The method accordingto claim 1, wherein the one or more HMOs comprise 2′-FL.
 5. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein the one or more HMOs comprise LNnT.
 6. Themethod according to claim 1, wherein the one or more HMOs comprise LNT.7. The method according to claim 2, wherein the synthetic compositioncomprises at least one of 2′-FL and DFL, and at least one of LNnT andLNT.
 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the syntheticcomposition comprises 2′-FL and LNnT.
 9. The method according to claim1, in which the human is administered an amount of 3 g to 15 g per dayof the one or more HMOs.
 10. The method according to claim 1, whereinthe one or more HMOs is administered to the human for at least 7consecutive days.
 11. The method according to claim 1, in which thepatient is administered the one or more HMOs while consuming glutencontaining cereals.
 12. The method according to claim 1, the methodcomprises administering the one or more HMOs at a first dose in a firstphase to treat the non-coeliac wheat and/or gluten sensitivity andadministering the one or more HMOs at a second dose in a second phase,wherein the one or more HMOs in the first phase are the same as the oneor more HMOs in the second phase.
 13. The method according to claim 12,in which the human is administered a higher dose of the one or more HMOsduring the first phase followed by a lower dose of the one or more HMOsduring the second phase.
 14. The method according to claim 13, in whichthe higher dose is about 3 g to about 15 g per day and the lower dose isabout 2 g to about 7.5 g per day.
 15. The method according to claim 12,wherein the duration of the first phase is at least consecutive 7 days,and the duration of the second phase is at least four consecutive weeks.16. The method according to claim 1, in which the human is administeredan amount of about 4 g to about 7.5 g per day of the HMO.
 17. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein the one or more HMOs comprise DFL.